about to show you, an 'attorney' is not a 'lawyer,' yet the average American improperly interchanges these words as if they represent the same occupation, and the average American attorney unduly accepts the honor to be called "lawyer" when he is not.

In order to discern the difference, and where we stand within the current court system, it's necessary to examine the British origins of our U.S. courts and the terminology that has been established from the beginning. It's important to understand the proper lawful definitions for the various titles we now give these court related occupations.

The legal profession in the U.S. is directly derived from the British system. Even the word "bar" is of British origin:

BAR. A particular portion of a courtroom. Named from the space enclosed by two bars or rails: one of which separated the judge's bench from the rest of the room; the other shut off both the bench and the area for lawyers engaged in trials from the space allotted to suitors, witnesses, and others. Such persons as appeared as speakers (advocates, or counsel) before the court, were said to be "called to the bar", that is, privileged so to appear, speak and otherwise serve in the presence of the judges as "barristers.

" The corresponding phrase in the United States is "admitted to the bar". - A Dictionary of Law (1893).

From the definition of 'bar,' the title and occupation of a "barrister" is derived:

BARRISTER, English law. A counselor admitted to plead at the bar. 2. Ouster barrister, is one who pleads ouster or without the bar. 3. Inner barrister, a sergeant or King’s Counsel who pleads within the bar. 4. Vacation barrister, a counselor newly called to the bar, who is to attend for several long vacations the exercise of the house. 5. Barristers are called apprentices, apprentitii ad legem, being looked upon as learners, and not qualified until they obtain the degree of sergeant. Edmund Plowden, the author of the Commentaries, a volume of elaborate reports in the reigns of Edward VI. Mary, Philip and Mary, and Elizabeth, describes himself as an apprentice of the common law. - A Law Dictionary by John Bouvier (Revised Sixth Edition, 1856).

BARRISTER, n. [from bar.] A counselor, learned in the laws, qualified and admitted to please at the bar, and to take upon him the defense of clients; answering to the advocate or licentiate of other countries. Anciently, barristers were called, in England, apprentices of the law. Outer barristers are pleaders without the bar, to distinguish them from inner barristers, benchers or readers, who have been sometime admitted to please within the bar, as the King’s Counsel are. - Webster's 1828 Dictionary.

Overall, a barrister is one who has the privilege to plead at the courtroom bar separating the judicial from the non-judicial spectators. Currently, in U.S. courts, the inner bar between the bench (judge) and the outer bar no longer exists, and the outer bar separates the attorneys (not lawyers) from the spectator's gallery. This will be explained more as you read further. As with the word 'bar,' each commonly used word describing the various court officers is derived directly from root words:

3 From the word "solicit" is derived the name and occupation of a 'solicitor'; one who solicits or petitions an action in a court.

SOLICIT, v.t. [Latin solicito] 1. To ask with some degree of earnestness; to make petition to; to apply to for obtaining something. This word implies earnestness in seeking ... 2. To ask for with some degree of earnestness; to seek by petition; as, to solicit an office; to solicit a favor. - Webster's 1828 Dictionary.

4). >From the word "attorn" is derived the name and occupation of an 'attorney;' one who transfers or assigns property, rights, title and allegiance to the owner of the land.

ATTORN / v. Me. [Origin French. atorner, aturner assign, appoint, f. a-torner turn v.] 1. v.t. Turn; change, transform; deck out. 2. v.t Turn over (goods, service, allegiance, etc.) to another; transfer, assign.

3. v.i. Transfer one's tenancy, or (arch.) homage or allegiance, to another; formally acknowledge such transfer. Attorn tenant (to) Law formally transfer one's tenancy (to), make legal acknowledgement of tenancy (to a new landlord). - Oxford English Dictionary 1999.

ATTORN, v.i. [Latin ad and torno.] In the feudal law, to turn, or transfer homage and service from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vessels or tenants, upon the alienation of the estate.

- Webster's 1828 Dictionary.

ATTORNMENT, n. The act of a feudatory, vassal or tenant, by which he consents, upon the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, and transfers to him his homage and service.

- Webster's 1828 Dictionary.

ATTORNMENT n. the transference of bailor status, tenancy, or (arch.) allegiance, service, etc., to another;

formal acknowledgement of such transfer: lme. - Oxford English Dictionary 1999.

5). From the word advocate comes the meaning of the occupation by the same name; one who pleads or defends by argument in a court.

ADVOCATE, v.t. [Latin advocatus, from advoco, to call for, to plead for; of ad and voco, to call. See Vocal.] To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal; to support or vindicate.

- Webster's 1828 Dictionary.

5). From the word "counsel" is derived the name and occupation of a 'counselor' or 'lawyer'; one who is learned in the law to give advice in a court of law;

COUNSEL, v.t. [Latin. to consult; to ask, to assail.] 1. To give advice or deliberate opinion to another for the government of his conduct; to advise. - Webster's 1828 Dictionary.

LAWYER. A counselor; one learned in the law. - A Law Dictionary by John Bouvier (Revised Sixth Edition, 1856).

Although modern usage tends to group all these descriptive occupational words as the same, the fact is that they have different and distinctive meanings when used within the context of court activities:

Solicitor - one who petitions (initiates) for another in a court

Counselor - one who advises another concerning a court matter

Lawyer - [see counselor] learned in the law to advise in a court

Barrister - one who is privileged to plead at the bar

Advocate - one who pleads within the bar for a defendant

Attorney - one who transfers or assigns, within the bar, another's rights & property acting on behalf of the ruling crown (government)

It's very clear that an attorney is not a lawyer. The lawyer is a learned counselor who advises. The ruling government appoints an attorney as one who transfers a tenant's rights, allegiance, and title to the land owner (government).

Feudal Tenancy

If you think you are a landowner in America, take a close look at the warranty deed or fee title to your land. You will almost always find the words "tenant" or "tenancy." The title or deed document establishing your right as a tenant, not that of a landowner, has been prepared for transfer by a licensed BAR Attorney, just as it was carried out within the original English feudal system we presumed we had escaped from in 1776.

A human being is the tenant to a feudal superior. A feudal tenant is a legal person who pays rent or services of some sort for the use and occupation of another's land. The land has been conveyed to the tenant's use, but the actual ownership remains with the superior. If a common person does not own what he thought was his land (he's legally defined as a "feudal tenant," not the superior owner), then a superior person owns the land and the feudal tenant - person pays him to occupy the land.

This is the hidden Feudal Law in America. When a person (a.k.a. human being, corporation, natural person, partnership, association, organization, etc.) pays taxes to the tax assessor of the civil county or city government (also a person), it is a payment to the superior landowner for the right to be a tenant and to occupy the land belonging to the superior. If this were not so, then how could a local government sell the house and land of a person for not rendering his services (taxes)?

We used to think that there was no possible way feudal law could be exercised in America, but the facts have proven otherwise. It's no wonder they hid the definition of a human being behind the definition of a man. The next time you enter into an agreement or contract with another person (legal entity), look for the keywords person, individual, and natural person describing who you are.

Are you the entity the other person claims you are? When you "appear" before their jurisdiction and courts, you have agreed that you are a legal person unless you show them otherwise. You will have to deny that you are the person and state who you really are. Is the flesh and blood standing there in that courtroom a person by their legal definition?

British Accredited Registry (BAR)?

During the middle 1600's, the Crown of England established a formal registry in London where barristers were ordered by the Crown to be accredited. The establishment of this first International Bar Association allowed barrister-lawyers from all nations to be formally recognized and accredited by the only recognized accreditation society. From this, the acronym BAR was established denoting (informally) the British Accredited Registry, whose members became a powerful and integral force within the International Bar Association (IBA). Although this has been denied repeatedly as to its existence, the acronym BAR stood for the British barrister-lawyers who were members of the larger IBA.

When America was still a chartered group of British colonies under patent - established in what was formally named the British Crown territory of New England - the first British Accredited Registry (BAR) was established in Boston during 1761 to attempt to allow only accredited barrister-lawyers access to the British courts of New England. This was the first attempt to control who could represent defendants in the court at or within the bar in America.

Today, each corporate STATE in America has it's own BAR Association, i.e. The Florida Bar or the California Bar, that licenses government officer attorneys, NOT lawyers. In reality, the U.S. courts only allow their officer attorneys to freely enter within the bar while prohibiting those learned of the law - lawyers - to do so. They prevent advocates, lawyers, counselors, barristers and solicitors from entering through the outer bar. Only licensed BAR Attorneys are permitted to freely enter within the bar separating the people from the bench because all BAR Attorneys are officers of the court itself. Does that tell you anything?

Here's where the whole word game gets really tricky. In each State, every licensed BAR Attorney calls himself an Attorney at Law. Look at the definitions above and see for yourself that an Attorney at Law is nothing more than an attorney - one who transfers allegiance and property to the ruling landowner.

Another name game they use is "of counsel," which means absolutely nothing more than an offer of advice. Surely, the mechanic down the street can do that! Advice is one thing; lawful representation is another.

A BAR licensed Attorney is not an advocate, so how can he do anything other than what his real purpose is? He can't plead on your behalf because that would be a conflict of interest. He can't represent the crown (ruling government) as an official officer at the same time he is allegedly representing a defendant. His sworn duty as a BAR Attorney is to transfer your ownership, rights, titles, and allegiance to the landowner. When you hire a BAR Attorney to represent you in their courts, you have hired an officer of that court whose sole purpose and occupation is to transfer what you have to the creator and authority of that court. A more appropriate phrase would be legal plunder.

The official duties of an Esquire

Let's not forget that all U.S. BAR Attorneys have entitled themselves, as a direct result of their official BAR license and oaths, with the British title of "esquire." This word is a derivative of the British word "squire."

SQUIRE, n. [a popular contraction of esquire] 1. In Great Britain, the title of a gentleman next in rank to a knight. 2. In Great Britain, an attendant on a noble warrior. 3. An attendant at court. 4. In the United States, the title of magistrates and lawyers. In New England, it is particularly given to justices of the peace and judges. - Webster's 1828 Dictionary.

ESQUIRE n. Earlier as squire n.1 lme. [Origin French. esquier (mod. icuyer) f. Latin scutarius shield - bearer, f. scutum shield: see - ary 1.] 1. Orig. (now Hist.), a young nobleman who, in training for knighthood, acted as shield-bearer and attendant to a knight. Later, a man belonging to the higher order of English gentry, ranking next below a knight. lme. b Hist. Any of various officers in the service of a king or nobleman. c A landed proprietor, a country squire. arch. - Oxford English Dictionary 1999.

During the English feudal laws of land ownership and tenancy, a squire - esquire - was established as the land proprietor charged with the duty of carrying out, among various other duties, the act of attornment [see definition above] for the landowner and nobleman he served. Could this be any simpler for the average American to understand? If our current U.S. BAR Attorneys were just lawyers, solicitors, barristers, advocates or counselors, then they would call themselves the same. They have named themselves just exactly what they are, yet we blindly cannot see the writing on the wall.

The BAR Attorneys have not hidden this from anyone. That's why they deliberately call themselves "Esquires" and "Attorneys at law." It is the American people who have hidden their own heads in the sand.

Knowing these simple truths, why would anyone consider the services of BAR Attorney-Esquire as his representative within the ruling courts of America? Their purposes, position, occupation, job, and duty is to transfer your allegiance, property, and rights to the landowner, a.k.a. STATE. They are sworn oath officers of the State whose sole authority is to transfer your property to their landowner-employer. Think about this the next time you enter their courtrooms. From now on, all Americans should refuse to enter past the outer bar when they are called. Who would voluntarily want to relinquish all he has by passing into their legal trap that exists inside that outer bar?

We must all refuse to recognize their royal position as Squires and refuse to hire them as our representatives and agents. They can't plead or argue for you anyway; all they can do is oversee the act of attornment on behalf of the ruling government whom they serve as official officers. Nothing stops your neighbor from being a barrister or lawyer. No real law prohibits any of us from being lawyers! Even Abraham Lincoln was a well-recognized lawyer, yet he had no formal law degree. Let the BAR Attorneys continue in their jobs as property transfer agent-officers for the State, but if no defendant hires them, they'll have to get new jobs or they'll starve. Fire your BAR Attorney and represent yourself as your own lawyer, or hire any non-BAR-licensed lawyer to assist you from outside the courtroom bar.

Refuse to acknowledge all judges who are also licensed BAR Attorneys. Every judge in Florida State is a member of the Florida BAR. This is unlawful and unconstitutional as a judge cannot be an Esquire nor can he represent any issue in commerce, such as that of the State. Every Florida State judge has compromised his purported neutral and impartial judicial position by being a State Officer through his BAR licensure. This is an unlawful monopoly of power and commerce.

The Unauthorized Practice of Law

Fire your BAR Attorney. Refuse to acknowledge their corrupt inner-bar courts of thievery. Formally charge them with the illegal act of practicing law without lawful authority. Why? A BAR Attorney is not a lawyer by lawful definition. An Esquire is an officer of the State with the duty to carry out State activities, including "attornment."

State officers have no constitutional authority to practice law as lawyers, barristers, advocates, or solicitors. Americans should begin formally charging these false lawyers with unlawfully practicing the profession of law since their BAR licenses only give them the privilege to be Attorneys and Squires over land transfers.

ARTICLE I. NAME AND ORGANIZATION

Section 1. Name.

The name of this organization is the Alaska Bar Association.

Section 2. Powers.

The powers, duties, responsibilities, and organization of the Alaska Bar Association are established by the Alaska Integrated Bar Act and by the Alaska Bar Rules, which together shall be considered the charter of the Alaska Bar Association.

Section 3. Purposes.

The purposes of the Alaska Bar are to:

(1) cultivate and advance the science of jurisprudence;

(2) promote reform in the law and in judicial procedure;

(3) facilitate the administration of justice;

(4) encourage continuing legal education for the membership; and

(5) increase the public service and efficiency of the Bar.

Section 4. Office.

The office of the Alaska Bar Association is in the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska.

Section 5. Service and Filing.

All petitions, notices or other writings required to be filed with the Alaska Bar Association or served upon the Board of Governors shall be filed in the Association's office.

Section 6. Administrative Districts.

For the purpose of the administration of the Act, these Bylaws, the Rules, and the Policies and Regulations promulgated under them, four administrative districts, based in part upon the judicial districts existing in 1973, are created as follows:

(1) The First Judicial District of Alaska;

(2) The Second and Fourth Judicial Districts of Alaska combined;

(3) The Third Judicial District of Alaska; and

(4) Any jurisdiction or geographical area outside the State.

ARTICLE II. MEMBERSHIP

Section 1. Classification and Roster of Members.

(a) Classes of Membership. There are four classes of membership in the Alaska Bar Association:

(1) Active Members. Any person now or hereafter admitted to the practice of law in Alaska and membership in the Alaska Bar Association is an active member and shall maintain active membership status unless the member:

(A) transfers, or is transferred, to inactive or retired status;

(B) resigns from Association membership;

(C) is placed on interim disability or disability inactive status; or

(D) is suspended or disbarred.

(2) Inactive Members. Inactive membership in the Alaska Bar is limited to members who no longer engage in the practice of law or hold judicial office or any other legal position in the State of Alaska.

(3) Retired Members. Retired membership in the Alaska Bar is limited to former active or inactive members of the Alaska Bar who are 65 years of age or older and who no longer engage in the practice of law or hold judicial office or any other legal position in the State of Alaska or any other jurisdiction.

(4) Honorary Members. Deserving Alaskan citizens, any district court judge not already a member of the Bar, and distinguished visitors who have contributed to the purposes of the Alaska Bar Association may be accorded honorary membership in the Association upon a vote of the members of the Board or a majority of the members in attendance at an annual business meeting of the Bar.

(b) Roster of Members. The Association shall keep a roster for the enrollment of all members of the Alaska Bar. The roster shall contain such information as the Board may determine to be proper and desirable.

Section 2. Transfer from Active Membership to Inactive or Retired Status.

(a) Methods of Transfer. Only the following methods are effective to transfer from active status to inactive or retired membership:

(1) Written request by the member to, and permission to transfer granted by, the Executive Director, pursuant to transfer request procedures set forth in the Board's Standing Policies;

(2) Transfer by the Board of Governors, after notice and an opportunity to be heard has been afforded the member; or

(3) Transfer to interim disability or disability inactive status by the Supreme Court of Alaska, pursuant to Bar Rule 30.

(b) Member Transfer Requests. Requests from members to transfer from active to inactive or retired status may be granted if submitted to the Executive Director no later than January 1 of the applicable year.

Section 3. Privileges of Inactive, Retired, or Honorary Members.

An inactive, retired, or honorary member may participate in Bar and Board meetings, may be appointed to any standing or special committee, and may join any Bar section, but he or she may not hold office or vote.

Section 4. Transfer from Inactive or Retired Membership to Active Status.

(a) Transfer If Inactive or Retired for One Year or More. Upon written request to the Board, a member who has been inactive or retired for one year or more may be transferred to active status if

(1) the Board finds the requesting member is of good moral character, pursuant to procedures set forth in the Board's Standing Policies; and

(2) full, annual active membership fees are paid for the current year, less any inactive fees previously remitted for that year.

(b) Transfer If Inactive or Retired for Less Than One Year. Upon written request to the Executive Director, a member who has been inactive or retired for less than one year may be granted transfer to active status by the Executive Director, pursuant to Board policy, if full annual active membership fees are paid for the current year, less any inactive fees previously remitted for that year.

(c) Board Eligibility Determination. The Board, after notice and an opportunity to be heard has been afforded the member, may transfer a member from inactive or retired status to active membership status if the Board determines that the member is no longer eligible for inactive or retired status. Upon transfer by the Board, the member shall pay full annual active membership fees for the current year, less any inactive fees previously remitted for that year.

Section 5. Member in Good Standing.

Any active or inactive member of the Alaska Bar Association who has paid the requisite membership fees for the current calendar year and who has not been transferred to interim disability or disability inactive status, or been suspended or disbarred, is a member in good standing and entitled to all of the privileges and benefits accorded Bar members.

Section 6. Membership Card.

(a) Certification of Good Standing. Each member of the Alaska Bar Association who is currently a member in good standing of the Alaska Bar annually shall be issued an official membership card which shall contain the member's name, current membership status, the seven-digit membership number assigned to the member upon admission to the Bar, and other information the Board determines appropriate for inclusion on the card.

(b) Revocation of Certification. A member's card shall be surrendered to the Bar when a member:

(1) has been suspended for the nonpayment of his or her membership fees;

(2) pursuant to Bar Rule 28(j), has been suspended or disbarred;

(3) pursuant to Bar Rule 30, has been transferred to inactive status;

(4) after notice and an opportunity to be heard has been afforded the member, the Board determines that the member should be required to surrender his or her membership card.

Section 7. Resignation.

(a) Affidavit of Resignation. A member may resign from membership in the Association. A resignation is subject to acceptance by the Board, must be in affidavit form, and, as of the date of the affidavit, affirmatively must state:

(1) the member does not now, and will not in the future, engage in the practice of law in Alaska;

(2) the member has no cases pending before the courts of this State;

(3) the member's clients have been given proper notice of his or her intent to resign and that they have had sufficient opportunity to find substitute counsel without prejudice to their cases;

(4) the member has no discipline, fee arbitration, or client security fund matters pending;

(5) the member is current on all membership fee payments, applicable insurance premiums, and other financial commitments to the Bar; and

(6) the member understands that his or her resignation is permanent and irrevocable and, should he or she at any time in the future desire to return to the practice of law in Alaska, that he or she would have to make application as a new admittee, subject to the provisions of Part 1 of the Alaska Bar Rules, including, if applicable, the requirement that he or she take and pass the Alaska Bar Examination.

(b) Jurisdiction Retained. The Association shall retain jurisdiction to investigate and take action with respect to matters involving the conduct of a member during the time he or she was a member of the Alaska Bar.

(c) Board Action. Upon receipt of an affidavit of resignation, and if no information is received which bears unfavorably upon the member, the Board shall formally accept the resignation at its next regularly scheduled meeting. Resignation received 20 days prior to a Board meeting will be placed on the agenda of the next subsequent regularly scheduled meeting.

(d) Notice to the Courts. Upon formal acceptance of a member's resignation, the Board shall notify the Alaska Supreme Court and the clerks of court that the member has resigned from the Association and state the effective date.

ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP FEES AND PENALTIES

Section 1. Annual Dues.

(a) Active Members. The annual membership fee for an active member is $450.00, $10.00 of which is allocated to the Lawyers' Fund for Client Protection. The annual membership fee for an active member, who is 70 years of age or more and who has practiced law in Alaska for a total of 25 years or more, is one half of the total amount assessed to each active member, $10.00 of which is allocated to the Lawyers' Fund for Client Protection.

Active members who provide 400 hours or more of pro bono services in a calendar year (January through December) as confirmed by the Alaska Pro Bono Program, or as approved by the Alaska Bar Association Pro Bono Service Committee, may pay 30% of the annual active fee for the membership year immediately following the year these services were provided subject to the following limitations: 1) the request for 30% active dues must be made in writing no later than February 1st; and 2) confirmation by the Alaska Pro Bono Program, or approval by the Alaska Bar Association Pro Bono Service Committee, must be provided to the Bar Association no later than February 1st.

(b) Inactive Members. The annual membership fee for an inactive member is one third of the total amount assessed to each active member.

(c) Retired and Honorary Members. There is no membership fee for a retired or honorary member.

(d) Notice. Failure to receive notice of the annual membership fees does not relieve any active or inactive member of the duty to timely comply with the requirements of this Article.

(e) Waiver. The Board of Governors may waive the payment of a member's annual membership fee upon a sufficient showing of hardship, as defined in paragraph (f).

(f) Hardship. For the purposes of this section, "hardship" means an economic inability to pay dues as the result of a medical condition, mental condition, or an involuntary change in economic status.

(g) Proof of Hardship. Unless waived by the Board, a member requesting a waiver of dues must submit the following information to the Board:

(1) an affidavit by the member detailing the nature of the hardship and the reasons the member is unable to pay membership dues,

(2) a copy of the member's last two federal tax returns with supporting schedules, and

(3) a detailed listing, including estimated values, of all real property and personal property of the member and a detailed listing of all outstanding debts.

Section 2. Payment of Fees; Due Dates.

Annual membership fees are due and payable on or before February 1 of each year; however, an active member, who does not qualify for reduced as under section 1(a), may pay his or her annual membership fee in installments. The first installment is due and payable on or before February 1 and the second installment is due and payable on or before July 1. A $25.00 charge shall be assessed against the active member for the installment service and shall be included in the amount the first payment.

Section 3. Delinquent and Suspended Members.

(a) Delinquent Payment Penalties. Any member failing to pay his or her membership fees when due shall, during the period of time in which the fees remain unpaid, be subject to a penalty of $10.00 per week of delinquency. For purposes of determining the appropriate penalty assessment, each fraction of a week shall be considered a whole week. In no instance may the penalty assessed for delinquent payment exceed $160.00.

(b) Suspension for Nonpayment. Thirty days after the due date of the membership fees, the delinquent member shall be notified in writing, by certified or registered mail, that the Executive Director will, in 30 additional days, petition the Alaska Supreme Court for an order suspending the delinquent member from membership in the Alaska Bar for nonpayment of the appropriate membership fees and any late payment penalties due and owing. The notice is sufficient if mailed to the address last furnished to the Association by the delinquent member. Following notice by the Bar to the delinquent member of his or her suspension by the Supreme Court, the Executive Director shall immediately notify the clerks of court of the member's name and the date of his or her suspension for nonpayment of the appropriate membership fees and penalties. Members suspended for nonpayment may not engage in the practice of law while suspended, nor are they entitled to any of the privileges and

benefits otherwise accorded to active or inactive members of the Alaska Bar in good standing. Suspended members who engage in the practice of law are subject to appropriate discipline under Part II of the Bar Rules.

(c) Reinstatement. Any suspended member whose suspension for nonpayment has been in effect for less than one year, upon payment of all accrued fees and late payment penalties, shall be reinstated as a member of the Alaska Bar upon certification by the Executive Director to the Alaska Supreme Court and the clerks of court that the fees and penalties have been paid. Any member who has been suspended for one year or more, upon a determination of good moral character by the Board, in accordance with Board Policy, and upon payment of all accrued membership fees, in addition to a penalty of $160.00, shall be reinstated as a member of the Alaska Bar upon certification by the Executive Director to the Alaska Supreme Court and the clerks of court that the member is of good moral character and that the requisite dues and penalties have been paid.

Section 4. Required Fee for Other Attorneys.

The required fee for other attorneys under Civil Rule 81(a)(2) is $250 annually, with $10 of that fee contributed to the Lawyers' Fund for Client Protection, until the attorney notifies the Alaska Bar Association that the case in which the attorney is participating is closed or the attorney has withdrawn from the case. Attorneys appearing under Civil Rule 81 in cases prior to the effective date of this rule will begin paying the $250 annual fee on January 1, 1995.

Section 5. Dues Expenditure Policy; Objection(s) to Expenditure(s).

(a) Board Policy Concerning Expenditure of Dues. It is the general policy of the Board to restrict the disbursement of dues to expenditures necessarily or reasonably incurred for the purpose of regulating the legal profession in Alaska or improving the quality of legal services available to the people of Alaska. These expenditures are considered "chargeable" within the meaning of Keller v. State Bar of California, 496 U.S. 1, 110 L.Ed.2d 1, 110 S.Ct. 2228 (1990). To the extent that any member objects to the disbursement of dues for reason that the member believes the expenditure to be "nonchargeable", the member must file an objection as provided in subparagraphs (d) and (e).

However, the Board, upon a vote of three quarters of the members of the full Board, may approve the disbursement of dues for expenditures which are considered "nonchargeable" within the meaning of Keller v. State Bar of California. If the Board disburses funds for "nonchargeable" expenditures, notice of the expenditure(s) shall be given in the official publication of the Bar and a member may request, in writing to the Executive Director, an appropriate dues refund within sixty (60) days of such notice. The dues refund, which shall be determined by the Board, shall be limited to that pro-rata amount of a member's dues reasonably related to any costs actually incurred with regard to the "nonchargeable" activity. To the extent that any member objects to the determination of the amount of the expenditure, the member must proceed under subparagraph (e).

(b) Publication of Annual Budget. Following approval by the Board, the annual budget of the Bar shall be published in the official publication of the Bar, and shall otherwise be distributed to ensure notice to all dues-paying members. In addition, copies of the approved annual budget shall be available to members upon request.

(c) Information in Dues Notices. Dues notices sent to members shall reference: (1) the publication of the annual budget of the Bar in the official publication of the Bar and advise members that they may obtain a copy of the budget upon request, and (2) that members may review the approved minutes of the Board at the Bar office and obtain a copy of the approved minutes upon request.

(d) Time for Filing Objection(s). A member's objection to the expenditure of dues by the Board must be received by the Executive Director or postmarked within sixty (60) days of the publication of the Board action in the official publication of the Bar.

(e) Arbitration of Objection(s) to Expenditure(s). Upon receipt of a timely objection to an expenditure, the President of the Board shall appoint a hearing master to consider the objection, utilizing the procedures provided in Bar Rule 7. All objections to expenditure(s) shall be consolidated in a single proceeding, where possible. The Bar shall have the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the expenditure(s) objected to are "chargeable."

In addition, the President shall direct the Executive Director to determine the amount of the expenditure(s) reasonably in dispute involving the objecting member(s) and shall order that amount to be held in an interest-bearing escrow account pending final determination by the Board, or if appealed, by the Alaska Supreme Court.

If the hearing master determines that an objection to an expenditure has been frivolously made, the hearing master may assess costs associated with the proceeding against the member(s) filing the frivolous objection(s).

ARTICLE IV. BOARD OF GOVERNORS

Section 1. Duties and Responsibilities.

The Board of Governors is the governing body of the Alaska Bar Association and is vested with power and authority including, but not limited to, adopting regulations and policies concerning the activities, affairs, and organization of the Alaska Bar, and collecting and disbursing all monies of the organization, subject only to any limitation imposed by the Act and the Bar Rules.

Section 2. Membership.

The Board of Governors of the Alaska Bar Association consists of 12 governors. Nine governors shall be active members of the Bar elected by the active membership or the Association in accordance with provisions of the Act and these Bylaws. Three governors shall be non-attorneys appointed by the Governor of the State, subject to legislative confirmation in accordance with provisions of the Act.

Section 3. Term of Office and Succession.

Elected members of the Board shall take office at the close of the annual business meeting of the Association held immediately following their election. The term of office is three years. The terms of appointed members shall be as provided by the Act. Governors may succeed themselves in office.

Section 4. Oath of Office.

Prior to assuming the duties and responsibilities of a Board member, the newly elected or appointed governor must complete an Oath of Office. Each governor's Oath of Office, or a copy of it, shall be maintained in a file in the Association's office during that governor's term.

Section 5. Removal.

Upon a petition signed by 25 percent of the members of any District for the recall of any governor elected from that District, or in the case of the governor-at-large, a petition signed by 25 percent of the members of the Association, the Executive Director shall immediately serve notice on the governor of the filing of the petition, and if he or she does not resign within 10 days from the date of service, the Executive Director shall mail ballots to each member of the Alaska Bar entitled to vote, submitting the question of whether the elected governor shall be recalled. Any recall vote shall be conducted in accordance with Article VI of these Bylaws.

Section 6. Resignation.

A governor may resign from his or her position. The resignation shall be in writing to the President or, if an appointed member of the Board, to the governor of the State and the Bar President.

Section 7. Vacancy.

As provided in AS 08.08.070, a vacancy on the Board of Governors from among the elected members shall be filled by appointment by a majority vote of the Board, and a vacancy from among the appointed members shall be filled by the governor of the State.

Section 8. Board Meetings.

(a) Regular Meetings. The regular meetings of the Board shall be held within the State at the times and places designated by the President. Upon assumption of office, the President shall promptly schedule at least four regular meetings during the year of his or her term. These meeting dates may be changed as circumstances require. The schedule of the Board's regular meetings shall be published in each edition of the official publication of the Alaska Bar Association and in the public press at least 30 days prior to each regularly scheduled meeting. Timely notice and the tentative agenda of each Board meeting shall be mailed to the officers of the Alaska Bar Association, to the members of the Board of Governors, and to the presidents of all local bar associations.

(b) Special Meetings. The President may, or upon the written request of three governors filed with the Secretary shall, call special meetings of the Board of Governors. If the President, for any reason, fails or refuses to call a special meeting for a period of five days after receipt of the request for the special meeting, the Secretary, or some other person designated by the three governors joining in the request, may call the special meeting. The date fixed for that meeting shall not be less than five days nor more than ten days from the date of the call. Notice of a special meeting shall be signed by the Secretary or by the person designated by the three governors in their call. The notice shall set forth the day and hour of the special meeting, the place within the State where the meeting shall be held, and the purpose for holding it. Special meetings may consider only those matters that are specifically set forth in the call of the meeting. Written notice of the

special meeting call shall be given to each governor unless waived by him or her. Notice shall be in writing and may be communicated by telegraph or by mail, addressed to each governor at his or her law office or business address. Notice by telegraph shall be sent to the governor at least three days, and notice by mail shall be deposited with the United States Post Office at least five days before the date fixed for the special meeting.

(c) Minutes and Public Attendance. All meetings of the Board shall be open to the public, except that the Board shall meet in executive session when considering the following matters: personnel matters of the Association; litigation or other proceedings in which the Association is interested or a party; the admission of applicants to membership in the Association; Board deliberations on disciplinary and disability matters of the Association; and those other matters that are considered confidential under Part III of the Rules. After approval by the Board, minutes of all public meetings shall be available to members of the Association and to the public.

Section 9. Quorum.

Seven members of the Board constitutes a quorum at any meeting.

Section 10. Action of Board Without Assembling.

The President, or Secretary by direction of the President, may submit any matter to the Board for action, decision, approval, or authorization, either by mail, telegraph, or simultaneous communication by telephone. The vote on any propositions so submitted may be either by mail, telegraph, or telephone, and the results shall be filed with the minutes of the Board meetings. Any proposition receiving a majority of affirmative votes in such matters shall be considered adopted by the Board the same as if the action were taken at a meeting of the Board.

Section 11. Finances.

(a) Disbursement Authority. Any member of the Board so designated, or the Executive Director, shall sign checks for disbursements by the Alaska Bar from its funds. The Executive Director's authority to sign checks is limited by the Board's Standing Policies.

(b) Line-Item Budget. The Board annually shall adopt a line-item budget. The budget shall be published and made available to all members of the Association no later than 30 days before the beginning of the new fiscal year. The Association's fiscal year is the calendar year.

(c) Regular Financial Statements. The Executive Director shall submit a financial statement at each regular meeting of the Board.

Section 12. Audits.

The books and accounts of the Association shall be maintained and audited in accordance with generally accepted standards of accounting. An audit by an independent audit firm shall take place at the close of each fiscal year, and the report shall be made available to the membership no fewer than ten days prior to each annual business meeting.

Section 13. Referendum to Membership.

Whenever the Board of Governors is required to take a referendum, or whenever the Board orders a question referred to a vote of the active membership of the Alaska Bar in good standing, a questionnaire shall be prepared containing the matters upon which the vote is to be taken. The questionnaire shall be submitted to each active member in a form that allows the member to vote on it and return it to the Board. Whenever any referendum is taken, the question so referred shall not again be referred before the next annual business meeting of the Alaska Bar. Any question submitted to the members shall be prepared in accordance with the forms and procedures set forth in the Board's Standing Policies.

Section 14. Proxy Votes.

A Board member may not vote by proxy.

ARTICLE V. BOARD ELECTIONS

Section 1. Nominations.

A nominating petition shall be mailed to each active Bar member entitled to hold office at least 75 days prior to the date of the election. Nominations for the election of the governors from each District and for the Board's at-large position shall be by petition signed by at least three members entitled to vote for the nominee.

Section 2. Voting Rights.

Each active in-state Bar member in good standing may vote in and be a candidate from the District in which he or she resides at the time of election, or he or she may be a candidate for the at-large position. Active Bar members in good standing who reside out-of-state may only vote in and be a candidate for the Board's at-large position.

Section 3. Election Roster.

The Executive Director shall create a special election roster which shall contain an alphabetical listing of the active members of the Bar in good standing eligible to vote in each election.

Section 4. Ballots and Balloting.

(a) Ballots. Elections shall be conducted by secret ballot. Official election ballots shall be prepared in a form and manner approved by the Board. The ballots shall contain space for the voting member's printed name, written signature, and District. However, to ensure the preservation of the secret ballot, the ballot shall be so arranged that the member-voter identification information will be removed prior to tabulation of the ballot.

(b) Replacement Ballots. If a member entitled to vote in an election does not receive a ballot, or if the ballot received is lost or destroyed, a second official ballot may be supplied to that member, or the member may submit a facsimile of the official ballot, provided that the member has not previously voted in the election.

(c) Balloting. Ballots shall be mailed to each active member eligible to vote at least 21 days prior to the date of the election. To be counted, voted ballots must be received in the office of the Bar Association on or before 5:00 p.m. on the day of the election. The Executive Director shall have the custody of all ballots after they have been received and until the ballots are counted.

(d) Invalid or Questioned Ballots. Should any ballot be returned without both the printed name and written signature of the voting member on the spaces provided on the ballot, the ballot shall not be counted. Should it be determined in the cross-check against the election roster that a second ballot has been received from an eligible voter, that second and any subsequent ballots received from that member shall not be counted. Invalid ballots shall be kept by the Executive Director until after certification of the election. A ballot received which causes the Executive Director to question its validity shall be held by the Executive Director for a determination as to its validity by the members of the Bar Polls and Elections Committee responsible for counting the vote in the election.

Section 5. Ballot Counting.

The Executive Director and at least two members of the Association's Bar Polls and Elections Committee shall review the count of votes cast and record and certify, in writing, the results of the election to the membership.

Section 6. Election Results and Run-Off Procedures.

The gubernatorial candidate in each District and from the at-large position receiving a majority of the votes cast shall be declared elected. If no candidate receives a majority, a run-off election shall be conducted between the two candidates receiving the highest number of votes. The candidate receiving the highest number of votes in the run-off election shall be declared elected. If only one candidate has been nominated for a vacancy on the Board, that candidate shall be declared elected. When more than one vacancy on the Board occurs in the Third District in an election, the candidates shall run on one slate and each active member entitled to vote shall cast a vote for no more than two of the candidates on the ballot. If no candidate receives votes equal in number to a majority of the number of eligible ballots cast, a run-off election shall be conducted between the three candidates receiving the highest number of votes. The two candidates receiving the highest number

of votes in the run-off election shall be declared elected. If only one candidate receives votes equal to a majority of the eligible ballots cast, there shall be a run-off election between the next two candidates receiving the highest number of votes for the remaining seat.

Section 7. Changing Election Districts During An Election.

If a member changes residence between the time the election ballots are mailed and the date of the election, upon providing notice, proof of change of residence, and the invalid ballot previously mailed to the member, if any, on or before the date of the election, the member shall be entitled to vote for the candidate(s) from his or her new District of residence.

Section 8. Ballot Election Roster Retention; Official Record.

Upon completion of the ballot count, the Executive Director shall retain all ballots, the official tally sheets, and the special election roster until the close of the first annual business meeting held following the election, at which time the ballots and roster may be destroyed. The official tally sheets, containing certification of the vote count by the Bar Polls and Election Committee, shall be retained for a period of two years, after which they may be destroyed in accordance with Board policy.

ARTICLE VI. OFFICERS; STAFF

Section 1. Officers.

The officers of the Association are a President, President-Elect, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer. The President-Elect, Vice President, Secretary, and Treasurer shall be elected from among the members of the Board by a majority vote of the active members of the Alaska Bar in attendance at the Association's annual business meeting. Nothing in this article prohibits an appointed non-attorney governor from being elected an officer of the Association. Newly elected officers of the Association shall take office at the close of the annual business meeting at which they have been elected and shall serve a one-year term.

Section 2. President.

The President shall conduct and preside at all meetings of the Alaska Bar and the Board of Governors. He or she shall be the official spokesperson for the Board and for the Association. The President shall furnish leadership in the accomplishment of the aims and purposes of the Alaska Bar. The President has those other duties which the Board of Governors directs.

Section 3. President-Elect.

The President-Elect shall assist the President. If the President resigns or is unable to act, the President-Elect shall fulfill the duties of President. The President-Elect shall succeed to the Presidency when the term for which the President was elected expires, or when there is a vacancy in the office of President, whichever first occurs. The President-Elect shall be the Board liaison to all local bar associations. At least thirty days before each annual Association business meeting, the President-Elect shall furnish the Executive Director with a list of the members of each Bar Rule and Standing Committee of the Association whose terms begin on the next first day of July. The President-Elect has those other duties which the Board of Governors directs.

Section 4. Vice President.

The Vice President shall fulfill the duties of the President in the absence of the President and President-Elect. The Vice President shall be responsible for the operation of all executive committees of the substantive law sections. The Vice President has those other duties which the Board of Governors directs.

Section 5. Secretary.

The Secretary, or his or her designee, shall record the proceedings of all Board and Bar meetings. The Secretary shall be responsible for the operation of all Association standing committees. The Secretary has those other duties which the Board of Governors directs.

Section 6. Treasurer.

The Treasurer shall be responsible for the financial records of the Association. The Treasurer, or his or her designee, shall prepare a report on the status of the financial affairs of the Association at each meeting of the Board of Governors and shall give a written report on the Bar's financial position to the membership at the annual business meeting. The treasurer has those other duties which the Board of Governors directs.

Section 7. Executive Director; Staff.

The Board may employ an Executive Director to serve at its pleasure and assist it in carrying out its functions. The Executive Director is the staff director of the Association. He or she shall have the qualifications, duties and responsibilities, prescribed by the Board. With the approval of the Board, the Executive Director may employ other staff required for the efficient functioning of the Association.

ARTICLE VII. COMMITTEES AND SECTIONS

Section 1. Committees.

(a) Standing Committees. The Board shall define the powers, duties, functions, and scope of each standing committee in its Standing Policies. The President, subject to Board approval, shall appoint eligible Bar members to fill all vacancies or expired terms on standing committees and shall name and designate the chair of each committee. Committee members shall serve staggered, three year terms. Committee members may be reappointed for successive terms. The Board may appoint additional members to a committee, remove members from a committee for good cause, or dissolve a committee when it considers the work of a committee has been completed or when it considers that a committee is no longer necessary. Each committee may select such other officers as it considers advisable and may designate subcommittees from among its membership. Each committee shall meet at such times and places as may be designated by its chair. The Association's standing committees are:

(1) the Bar Polls and Elections Committee, a nine member committee responsible for polling the membership on subjects submitted to the Association membership by the Board and for the tabulation of the results of all elections and advisory opinion polls conducted by the Association:

(2) the Continuing Legal Education Committee, a 12 member committee responsible for presenting legal education seminars to the membership;

(3) the Ethics Committee, a nine member committee responsible for the issuance of opinions providing guidance to Association members in complying with the Code of Professional Responsibility:

(4) the Historians Committee, a 12 member committee responsible for preserving the unique history of the Alaska Bar;

(5) the Law Related Education Committee, a committee responsible for presenting programs and producing publications to aid the public in understanding of the law and the legal system; the committee is divided into subcommittees in the communities of Anchorage, (12 members), Fairbanks, Juneau, Kenai, Mat-Su and such other communities as the president sees fit to appoint;

(6) the Legal Educational Opportunities Committee, a 10 member committee responsible for the oversight of State funds for legal education, tutoring assistance to failing bar examinees, and oversight of the impact of Bar admission standards on minority applicants;

(7) the Statutes, Bylaws and Rules Committee, a 12 member committee responsible for drafting proposed revisions of the statutes, bylaws and rules which govern the activities of the Alaska Bar Association;

(8) the Pro Bono Service Committee, a 9 member committee responsible for identifying and promoting activities which would facilitate the provision of pro bono services and encourage all attorneys to provide pro bono service; at least three of the members shall be from communities from outside of Anchorage, Juneau and Fairbanks;

(9) the Alaska Rules of Professional Conduct Committee, a 9 member committee responsible for reviewing suggested amendments to the ARPC and making recommendations for amendments to the Board of Governors; and

(10) the Lawyers' Assistance Committee whose members provide services to members of the Bar, their families or business associates when it appears a Bar member is suffering from substance abuse.

(b) Special Committees. The President may appoint special committees with limited purposes and of limited duration. The terms of membership on such committees shall be established by the President at the time the committees are appointed.

(c) Committee Actions Endorsed. No action, report, or recommendation of any standing or special committee is binding upon the Association unless first approved by the Board.

Section 2. Reports of Committees.

All standing and special committees shall render to the board those reports as from time to time that are requested by the President or the Board. Written annual reports shall be delivered to the Board at least 30 days before the annual business meeting, and a written or oral report shall be presented to the membership at the annual business meeting.

Section 3. Substantive Law Sections.

The Board shall establish substantive law sections in areas pertinent to the practice of law and shall define the powers, duties, functions and scope of each section in its Standing Policies.

(a) Membership and Fees. Membership and fees requirements are as follows:

(1) Attorney Membership and Fees. Attorney membership in each section is open to all active members of the Alaska Bar Association in good standing. $5.00 of a member's annual membership fee will be allocated to the budget of the first section joined by that member. A member may join additional sections at an annual registration fee to the member of $10.00 per additional section joined per year.

(2) Informational Membership and Fees. Non-voting section membership is available at the discretion of each section to any person who is not a member of the Association, but who subscribes to the informational and educational objectives of the section. Informational section members may not serve on the executive committee of any section. There is an annual $10.00 membership fee assessed for each section joined by an Information Member.

(b) Section Executive Committees. Each section shall be administered by an executive committee of at least five members elected from the section's membership to serve staggered three year terms. The executive committee shall annually elect, by June 30, a chair, and may elect such other officers as it deems advisable from the membership of the executive committee. Each executive committee shall meet at such times and places as may be designated by the chair of the section. All executive committees shall file with the Board such reports as from time to time shall be requested by the President or the Board. A written annual report shall be delivered to the Board at least thirty (30) days before the annual business meeting.

(c) Annual Section Meeting. Each section's executive committee will schedule an annual meeting of the section membership to hear the annual report of its executive committee and discuss issues and developments pertinent to the section's area of law. The annual meeting will be held at a time and location determined by the executive committee.

(d) Continuing Legal Education Commitment. At least as frequently as is required by the Bar's Continuing Legal Education Committee, each substantive law section in conjunction with the Bar shall be responsible for sponsoring a continuing legal education seminar.

(e) Annual Section Chair/Board Meeting. At each annual convention of the Association, the chairs of each section, or their designees, shall meet with the President-Elect or the Board to discuss section activities and evaluate section needs.

(f) Section Actions Endorsed. No action, report, or recommendation of any section is binding upon the Association unless adopted and approved by the Board.

ARTICLE VIII. ASSOCIATION MEETINGS

Section 1. Annual Business Meeting.

The annual business meeting of the Alaska Bar Association shall be held in conjunction with the Bar's annual convention and shall be held within the State at the time during the months of May or June of each year and at the place that is selected by the Board of Governors. Notice of the annual business meeting shall state the time and place scheduled for holding the meeting, and shall be provided to the members of the Alaska Bar Association at least six months before the meeting.

Section 2. Special Meetings.

Special meetings of the Alaska Bar Association shall be called by the Secretary upon a majority vote of the Board of Governors, or upon the receipt of a written application signed by not less than 25 percent of the active members of the Alaska Bar Association. The secretary shall issue the call for the meeting to be held not more than 20 days following the receipt of the written application. Special meetings may consider only those matters that are specifically set forth in the call of the meeting. Notice of a special meeting shall state the time and the place within the State where the meeting will be held and shall be given to the public press at least five days prior to that meeting. Each notice shall state specifically the matters to be considered at the special meeting and shall be issued over the name of the Secretary, or in case of his or her failure or refusal to act, the President of the Alaska Bar Association.

Section 3. Parliamentary Rules.

Proceedings at any meeting of the Alaska Bar Association shall be governed by the most recent edition of "Robert's Rules of Order, Revised".

Section 4. Resolutions.

Resolutions may be introduced for consideration at the annual business meeting if signed by at least 10 active members of the Association, or sponsored by a local bar association or substantive law section. Proposed resolutions shall be received in the office of the Association at least 45 days prior to the date of the annual business meeting and shall, upon receipt, be promptly submitted to each local bar association for its consideration. Resolutions also shall be considered at the annual business meeting if 35 members in attendance at that business meeting sign a petition requesting consideration of the resolution.

Section 5. Votes.

Each active member in good standing in attendance at the annual business meeting shall be entitled to cast one vote on each matter presented for consideration. Proxy votes are not permitted.

ARTICLE IX. ELECTION OF ALASKA'S DELEGATE TO THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION'S HOUSE OF DELEGATES

Section 1. Nomination and Election.

In each even numbered year, the active membership of the Alaska Bar Association shall elect one delegate from its membership to be its delegate to the House of Delegates of the American Bar Association (ABA). Nominations for the Alaska Bar's delegate shall be made in the same manner as provided for the nomination of the candidates for the Board of Governors in Article V of these Bylaws and the election shall be held at the same time and in the same manner as provided for the election of the Board of Governors, except that Alaska's ABA delegate shall be elected from the State-at-large and the term of office shall be two years. No delegate may be elected who is not an active member in good standing of the Alaska Bar Association. The candidate receiving the highest number of votes shall be declared the elected delegate. The elected delegate shall be responsible for all expenses incurred by him or her as the Alaska Bar's delegate to the American Bar Association's House of

Delegates.

Section 2. Alternate Delegate.

In case of the refusal or inability of the duly elected delegate to attend the meetings of the American Bar Association's House of Delegates, an alternate delegate shall be appointed by the Board of Governors. The appointed delegate shall take his or her place as the delegate at the meeting or meetings that the elected delegate is unable to attend with all the rights and privileges of the elected delegate.

ARTICLE X. LOBBYING AND PUBLICITY

Section 1. Lobbying.

No member of the Association may lobby or otherwise attempt to influence legislative or administrative action in the name of the Association, except with the consent of the Board of Governors.

Section 2. Publicity.

Public statements or press releases purporting to set forth the Association's position on pending or proposed legislation, on issues of public importance, or on Association matters in general shall be made only by the President or his or her designee.

ARTICLE XI. THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION

Section 1. Purpose.

The Alaska Bar Association, on a quarterly basis, shall issue a publication which shall be distributed to the members of the Association at no charge. Its purpose shall be to inform Bar members of Association activities, to report trends and developments in the profession, and to entertain. Cost per issue to non-members shall be established by the Board of Governors.

Section 2. Editorial Board.

Responsibility for the publication shall reside in an Editorial Board of five persons, consisting of the President of the Association, the Executive Director and three members appointed for one year terms by the President with the advice and consent of the Board of Governors. One of the three members shall be appointed as the editor-in-chief by the President and the other two shall be designated as associate editors.

Section 3. Powers of the Board.

The Editorial Board shall exercise overall supervisory control of the publication. The editor-in-chief in conjunction with the Executive Director shall be responsible for the day-to-day operations of the publication. The editor-in-chief shall further establish and maintain an independent editorial policy. The editor-in-chief and the associate editors may serve additional one year terms.

ARTICLE XII. AMENDMENTS

Section 1. Amendments by the Board of Governors.

In accordance with the provisions of Bar Rule 62, these Bylaws may be amended by the Board of Governors at any regular meeting of the Board or at any special meeting called for that purpose.

Section 2. Amendments by the Members.

In accordance with the provisions of Bar Rule 62, any Bylaw adopted or amended by the Board of Governors may be modified or rescinded, or a new Bylaw adopted by a vote of the active members of the Association at any annual business or special meeting.

ARTICLE XIII. DEFINITIONS

Section 1. Definitions.

As used in these Bylaws, unless the context or subject matter otherwise requires:

(1) "The Act" means the Alaska Integrated Bar Act contained in Title 8, Chapter 8, Alaska Statutes (AS 8.08);

(2) "Alaska Bar," "Association," or "the Bar" mean the Alaska Bar Association created by the above mentioned Act;

(3) "Bar Rules" or "Rules" mean the Alaska Bar Rules promulgated by the Supreme Court of Alaska;

(4) "Board" and "Board of Governors" mean the Board of Governors of the Alaska Bar Association;

(5) "District" means an administrative district of Alaska, as defined in Article I, Section 6;

(6) "Executive Director" means the principal member of the Alaska Bar Association staff;

(7) "Governor" means a member of the Board;

(8) "Member" means a member of the Alaska Bar;

(9) "President," "President Elect," "Vice President," "Secretary," and "Treasurer" mean the respective officers of the Board of Governors and of the Association;

(10)00"Regulations" mean the regulations promulgated by the Board to implement the Act or the Rules;

(11)00"Standing Policies," "Policies," or "Policy" mean the various written Standing Policies of the Board; and

(12)00"State" means the State of Alaska.

A Watchful Eye Balances Justice ! ^i^

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