FALLOUT
Continuous fallout detection became a US military priority after the 1946 test series Operation Crossroads. By 1948, a system of seismic, acoustic, and aerial sampling was a regular feature of activity involving all branches of the services and extensive civilian facilities, especially at university laboratories. The Air Force dispatched relay sorties that operated a bi-weekly ‘circuit’ of the northern hemisphere –this method of sampling detected the Soviet’s first test in August of 1949 with great accuracy. The aerial ‘filters’ which were changed on schedule within geophysical coordinates allowed US scientists to determine the type, chemistry, and location of the Soviet test. High altitude “weather” balloons were also part of the fallout-detection program, which only expanded it’s range and sophistication after the ’49 experience.
Radiation and air-borne chemical pollution of all types including X-rays, from all sources, is considered fallout. A newer technology of Terahertz (micro)waves, used in radioastronomy, is the next radiation hazard to people used in airport body scans: http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24331/
The authors of “Deadly Deceit: Low Level Radiation, High Level Coverup” estimate the era of atmospheric testing was equivalent in fallout to the detonation of 40,000 Hiroshima-sized bombs. http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1990/06/review.html
________________________________________________________
This is fallout…..
March 11, 2011 — “TOKYO – Japan declared states of emergency for five nuclear reactors at two power plants after the units lost cooling ability in the aftermath of Friday’s powerful earthquake. Thousands of residents were evacuated as workers struggled to get the reactors under control to prevent meltdowns… A single reactor in northeastern Japan had been the focus of much of the concern in the initial hours after the 8.9 magnitude quake, but the government declared new states of emergency at four other reactors in the area Saturday morning… Authorities said radiation levels had jumped 1,000 times normal inside Unit 1 and were measured at eight times normal outside the plant…” http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/as_japan_quake_power_plant . Compare what happened at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl –in both cases, meltdowns were denied. The Chernobyl explosion was unavoidably obvious, however, Three Mile Island’s reactor status was unknown for many years while regular ventings released pressure and dispersed a wide pattern of radioactive fallout. Scroll down the page to read about TMI.
“NUMEC Used Apollo, Parks as Guinea Pigs” [headline, Aug.28,2002]– “If you lived near the former NUMEC nuclear fuel plants in Apollo and Parks in the 1960s, you were part of studies to determine how much nuclear fallout was safe for humans. You just didn’t know it. And neither may have the workers inside the plants, who were studied to see just how much radiation the human body could absorb… But what were the results of the tests?… The extent of the tests will most likely stay unknown… ‘Private contractor sites like NUMEC fell off the map’ said [Dan] Guttman… results of the ongoing [lifetime] study are not available” http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/valleynewsdispatch/s_88353.html [cited on page www.polioforever.wordpress.com/dr-marys-monkey/ ]
________________________________________________________
CHEMTRAILS – the field of Health Physics developed for the Atomic Energy program taught the authorities everything they needed to know about fallout and ‘uptake’, exhaustively studied ad nauseum. It is not possible that ignorance of biological damage caused by chemtrails is valid http://www.californiaskywatch.com/. Nanoparticulates, metals and synthetic ingredients in the atmosphere and food chain describe the components of semi-conductors, ‘soft machines’ and engineered lifeforms.
The field of Health Physics, created in 1948 www.polioforever.wordpress.com/health-physics/ determined a need for “large population surveys” to study radiological hazard effects.
_______________________
In 1972, Canadian nuclear researcher Abram Petkau published the results of his work studying the effects of ‘low dose’ radiation. The ‘Petkau’ effect describes a non-linear relationship, what’s called a “paradoxical dose response”. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petkau_effect Petkau observed that small doses over longer time, such as fallout, were much more damaging and that substances like fluoride (and other halogen compounds) have similar non-linear effects. [Dr. Albert Schatz on fluoride: http://www.fluoridation.com/schatz.htm] www.polioforever.wordpress.com/fluoride/
The April 1986 Chernobyl accident provided ‘cover’ for the US to secretly vent the radiation from the “Mighty Oak” underground test at NTS
________________________
Radiation Effects Literature
March, 1957 “The Nuclear Radiation Handbook”, report by Nuclear Development Corporation of America, White Plains, NY [military document in the National Security Archive]
1957 “The Nature of Radioactive Fallout and It’s Effects on Man”, 2 volumes, presented to Congress May/June
“Medical Consequences of Nuclear Warfare”, Part 1, Vol 2 in the Textbook of Military Medicine series http://www.afrri.usuhs.mil/outreach/pdf/tmm/chapter7/chapter7.pdf
Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
_____________________________________________________
>>ATTENTION readers, Feb. 18, 2010 –Fallout “cloud track” maps, (above and elsewhere on this site) are DISAPPEARING from the INTERNET! and may no longer be accessible by links with the ‘wayback machine’. Scanned copies will be entered here if maps disappear. [stand-by]
Maps, dose estimates, documents, websites and resources:
Depleted Uranium : http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_uranium04.htm
Radon gas: http://www.radonseal.com/radon-facts.htm
Rad Waste :
Human Experimentation:
RAD Journal http://www.radjournal.com/articles/History/April/April.htm
<<>>DoE ‘Openess’ Roadmap Project http://www.hhs.energy.gov/healthsafety/ohre/roadmap/achre/intro_3.htm, “We reveal the perhaps surprising finding that officials and experts in the highest reaches of the AEC and DoD discussed requirements for human experiments in the first years of the Cold War”.
Robley Evans, of CalTech and MIT, did Radium ingestion studies and extensive follow-up in the case of the Radium Dial Painters (late 1920s). During the Manhattan Project, Evans was in charge of radioactive material transport which included secret brown-box shipments to Dr. Stafford Warren at the Univ. of Rochester, NY, that were sprayed on the campus grounds at night by Drs. Warren and Harold Hodge (see Fluoride).
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet9/brief9/tab_i/br9i2.txt (from the National Security Archive)..”secret medical research reports; (2) indicate that reports on human experiments, including the plutonium injections, were initially declassified but reclassified for fear of public and legal
consequences of disclosure; (3) show that continued secrecy was a policy judgment by the highest AEC medical authorities (the Division
of Biology and Medicine and its Advisory Committee)”…
http://www.cjr.org/archives.asp?url=/94/2/radiation.asp
http://proliberty.com/observer/19990504.htm
National Security Archives (word search only) http://gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/. Documents can be searched for with phrases.
Maps : Northeast US from Pennsylvania to Maine http://twosixtypress.com/gallery-35.htm (sourced from the U.S. Atlas of Nuclear Fallout, below)
The Nevada Proving Grounds opened with the first detonations in January of 1951, Operation Ranger. On May 11, 1951 Science magazine published an article by W.W. Meinke on the radioactive snow observed in Ann Arbor, Michigan — http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/refs/113/2941/545?ck=nck
Maps 1951 Operation Buster-Jangle http://web.archive.org/web/20080620044321/http://www.aracnet.com/~pdxavets/bustdoc.htm
Maps 1952 Operation Tumbler -Snapper http://web.archive.org/web/20071109092800/www.aracnet.com/~pdxavets/tumdoc.htm
Maps 1955 Operation Teapot http://web.archive.org/web/20071108081926/http://www.aracnet.com/~pdxavets/teadoc.htm
Map 1957 Operation Plumbob (composite for iodine 131 deposition) http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Pbscd.gif
http://www.ratical.org/ , statements, oral histories
Dr. Rosalie Bertell http://www.ccnr.org/bertell_book.html
Dr. John W. Gofman http://www.ratical.org/radiation/CNR/JWGcv.html
Ernest Sternglass “Secret Fallout” http://www.ratical.org/radiation/inetSeries/index.html#ES
US Radiation Sites http://www.prop1.org/prop1/radiated/states.htm
Nevada Test Site: http://www.philipfradkin.com/fallout__an_american_nuclear_tragedy_44506.htm
http://mason.gmu.edu/~kcherrix/repercussions2.html
researcher Richard L. Miller composed the 5-volume set http://web.archive.org/web/20051103165641/www.kued.org/avoidingarmageddon/miller-story.html
______________________________________________________
The ACERER, Advisory Committee for Energy-Related Epidemiological Research, advises the US Dept of Health and Human Services on radiation research http://www.cdc.gov/NCEH/radiation/fallout/feasibilitystudy/Appendix_I-3_Workshop_Summary.pdf
_________________________________________________________
http://www.netti.fi/~makako/mind/radiatio.htm ……….events leading to the 1994 disclosure of secret radiation experiments on US citizens……..
“The Clinton administration’s first halting step toward taking responsibility for past government misdeeds occurred on Pearl Harbor Day 1993, when DoE Secretary Hazel O’Leary confirmed that the AEC, her agency’s predecessor, had sponsored experiments in which hundreds of Americans were exposed to radioactive material, often without their consent. …………….Top DoE aide Dan Reicher pulled O’Leary out of a meeting last November just before the story broke to warn her that People were injected with plutonium back in the 1940s, and there’s a newspaper in New Mexico that’s about to lay out the whole thing. O’Leary provided information about experiments at major universities, including MIT, the University of Chicago, California, and Vanderbilt. Experimenters exposed about 2,000 Americans to varying degrees of radiation. These numbers may grow as more information about experiments is released.
…”When O’Leary confirmed the human experiments, she also revealed two other important activities. First, she admitted her agency had secretly conducted 204 underground nuclear tests in Nevada from 1963-1990. These clandestine blasts were in addition to the 800-plus nuclear tests publicly announced during that period. DoE’s secrecy may have deceived only Congress and the U.S. public. In 1990, the Soviet Union’s minister for atomic energy produced an estimate of U.S. detonations that was very close to the actual number including the secret ones.”
“O’Leary’s other significant disclosure concerned DoE’s massive stock of weapons-grade plutonium: 33.5 metric tons of stockpiled plutonium and another 55.5 metric tons deployed in nuclear warheads and for similar uses. *6 This admission calls into question DoE’s past claims that national security required the continued operation of unsafe plutonium processing plants to produce unnecessary stockpiles of plutonium……..O’Leary’s disclosures about the human experiments have produced a torrent of publicity. Much less attention has been paid to her admissions about secret nuclear tests and plutonium stocks, which have much greater long-term implications for nuclear weapons policy.”
DOWN THE MEMORY HOLE
“O’Leary’s promises of full disclosure by DoE aside, one well-placed source within the agency suggested that the Pentagon, NASA and the CIA were just going through the motions. For example, the CIA announced in January 1994 that after searching its files it could locate only one reference to human experimentation with radiation. Former CIA official Scott Breckenridge charged that in 1973, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, chief of the chemical division of the CIA’s Technical Services Division, may have destroyed many secret files, including those on human radiation experiments………The history of partial revelation and near complete inaction is long. In 1975, the Rockefeller Commission first revealed that the CIA may have conducted radiation experiments, but the records if not destroyed have yet to be uncovered. William Colby, CIA director from 1973 to 1975, recently said, I recall the various drug tests, which were scandalous, but nothing about radiation. So far, the institutional memories of the implicated agencies appear to be as conveniently spotty as Colby’s.”
SECRET EXPERIMENTS
“While officials have dallied, dedicated reporters, angry victims, and a handful of government whistleblowers have exposed a pattern of secrecy and deception. A brief sampling of some of the macabre, secret human experiments uncovered by Welsome and others is chilling”……..
________________________________________
http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/19991024pluton3.asp
_________________________________________
Nevada Proving Grounds, 1951
________________________________________________________________
FALLOUT in Milk
http://www.ieer.org/op-eds/radio/2radmilk.html
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/5/845
Utah Division of Radiation Control http://www.radiationcontrol.utah.gov/fallout.htm
________________________________________________________
The Story of Three Mile Island
It took over 15 years for the authorities and engineers to assess the damage to the TMI reactor (1979-1994), and there is where the story closes. Over 20 tons of molten material pooled at the bottom of the containment vessel, which was unknown until 1987. More than one year after the accident, in June of 1980, radioactive krypton gas had to be vented from the reactor building. The threat of explosion loomed over the clean-up project and it must be supposed that regular ventings occurred, although as this sanitized telling of ‘history’ indicates, most of the “vast amount of documentation of the accident, the crisis, and the clean-up” disappeared. ( http://americanhistory.si.edu/tmi/tmi08.htm ). General Public Utilities, the reactor’s operating company, went out of business. In 1994, revelations about secret weapons tests and human experimentation that broke in the newspapers trumped the TMI clean-up, a process that was really just beginning. The ‘accident’ timeline begins here http://americanhistory.si.edu/tmi/tmi03.htm .
No account has been made of the ‘venting’ that began in the summer of 1980, or sooner. In 1982, when attempts were again made to enter the reactor building, the concern over a possible explosion is palpably described. An admission of venting by the TMI museum pertains to two events only but the local people who experienced it and followed the news in their hometown papers had something to tell, and it’s a story cut short to fit the framework of time. In 1983, the avian influenza in Pennsylvania and beyond was reaching such a crisis that a series of Congressional hearings ensued, and for how long is not known:
1984/01/26
Daily Digest – Thursday, January 26, 1984; pages D12 – D16 (Bound vol.)Committee Meetings
AVIAN INFLUENZA
Committee on Appropriations: Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development,
and Related Agencies concluded oversight hearings to review the status of the
avian influenza problem that is impacting the poultry industry in several
Eastern states, after receiving testimony from Senators Heinz and Warner; C.
W. McMillan, Assistant Secretary for Marketing and Inspection, James H.
Johnson, Deputy Under Secretary for Small Community and Rural Development,
Charles W. Beard, Director, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, and Bert
W. Hawkins, Administrator, John K. Atwell, Deputy Administrator for Veterinary
Services, E. C. Sharman, Assistant Deputy Administrator for Veterinary
Services, Animal Health Programs, and Sam Ladd, Director, Budget and
Accounting Division, all of the Animal Plant and Health Inspection Services,
all of the Department of Agriculture; Andrew Hansen and Donald Horn, both of
the Task Force on Avian Influenza, Penrose Hollawell, Pennsylvania Department
of Agriculture, and Jim Aurand, Pennsylvania Grange, all of Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania; Charles Warfel, Pennsylvania Farmers Association, Camp Hill; and
Albert E. Pope, United Egg Producers, Decatur, Georgia.
http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/congbibs/senate/098dgst2.html
_____________________________________
Three Mile Island: The People’s Testament , Aileen M. Smith March 27, 1989 http://www.tmia.com/node/118
“In the summer of 1979, three months after the Three Mile Island accident, a party of five concerned Japanese traveled to Central Pennsylvania to study the incident and its aftermath first hand. It was a personal trip for the two lawyers, a student, a radiation research scientist, and Mitsuru Katagiri, university professor and my husband-to-be. When Mitsuru returned home to Kyoto, he confessed that before he left Japan he thought he had basically understood the accident — a barely averted meltdown catastrophe that quite fortunately had probably released only an insignificant amount of radiation. But as they toured the area, he was surprised by the number of people who reported anomalous occurrences during and after the time of the accident; strange tastes and smells; burning, tingling or reddening of the skin; and changes in the local vegetation, animals and atmosphere. This prompted yet another trip that year.”….
Interviewees said on the day of the accident, and for the next couple of days, a powdery ash fell and collected on everything. From the first day, Wednesday March 28, a strong and nauseating metallic taste began affecting them. People and animals stumbled and fell. They felt numbness in their legs and tingling or burning, sometimes a peppery rash. Veterinarian Robert Weber reported in his recollection made in 1982, “Immediately after the accident at TMI, we had many sheep and goats that couldn’t get up. Also, we had troubles with sheep just being found dead. Goats just being found dead…through that summer of 1979.” Weber said there were high numbers of stillbirths and an inability of the pregnant animals to deliver. Local farmers often went through him and filed reports with the Agriculture bureau, only to learn later from officials that no such reports existed. By 1982, he said “Cancer is our big deal now…We are finding the cancers in the uterus, the mammary systems, the lymphatics…I see this curve”.
Betty Fawber said of her animals, “After the accident happened…we’d go up and there’d be chickens that were dead. Just one at a time. Unexplained. We had maybe about six like that…The chickens started dying like that, I’d say, maybe 6 months after the accident…I had two rabbits and one had a litter of 7 bunnies, but they were all born dead. They looked perfect but they were dead.” Betty was sensitive to the ‘venting’, as were others, developing a burning rash on her skin and in her throat and sinuses. She said,” The first year..there were about 47 times when this burning happened….45 times..we accounted [in the newspaper] that they did vent….Last year [1982] sometime..we saw or heard that they were deliberately venting each day”…
________________________________________________________
The Battle of Chernobyl
http://jenniferlake.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-battle-of-chernobyl
The US DoE used the ‘cover’ of the Chernobyl accident fallout to vent underground contamination at the NTS ‘Mighty Oak’ blast http://idealist.ws/mightyoak.php
________________________________________________________
Forest and Brush fires are a major source of “re-pollution” fallout, noted by the EPA accounting for only two such incidents: http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/rert/radiationincidents.html, and this ‘leak’ at Brookhaven :
Tritium Leak at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York
“In 1997, a major, ongoing tritium leak was discovered at Brookhaven National Laboratory, a Department of Energy 2,265-acre scientific research center located in Suffolk County, NY. The leak probably originated from the 68,000-gallon spent fuel pool within a reactor building. It had been leaking for an estimated 10-12 years. Following the initial discovery of the tritium contamination, other plumes including a cobalt-60 plume and an additional tritium plume were located.
Beginning in January, 1997, staff from EPA’s Region 2 office worked with the Department of Energy. In February, DOE committed to conduct a major cleanup effort and to meet the environmental and health standards of EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Act”
March 12, 2011